全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1221篇 |
免费 | 60篇 |
国内免费 | 63篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 81篇 |
废物处理 | 23篇 |
环保管理 | 216篇 |
综合类 | 724篇 |
基础理论 | 120篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 53篇 |
评价与监测 | 24篇 |
社会与环境 | 76篇 |
灾害及防治 | 26篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 23篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 40篇 |
2016年 | 44篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 43篇 |
2013年 | 69篇 |
2012年 | 61篇 |
2011年 | 67篇 |
2010年 | 50篇 |
2009年 | 63篇 |
2008年 | 44篇 |
2007年 | 60篇 |
2006年 | 54篇 |
2005年 | 56篇 |
2004年 | 53篇 |
2003年 | 67篇 |
2002年 | 63篇 |
2001年 | 51篇 |
2000年 | 57篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 31篇 |
1997年 | 41篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有1344条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Land degradation is a global problem that seriously threatens human society. However, in China and elsewhere, ecological restoration still largely relies on a traditional approach that focuses only on ecological factors and ignores socioeconomic factors. To improve the effectiveness of ecological restoration and maximize its economic and ecological benefits, a more efficient approach is needed that provides support for policy development and land management and thereby promotes environmental conservation. We devised a framework for assessing the value of ecosystem services that remain after subtracting costs, such as the opportunity costs, costs of forest protection, and costs for the people who are affected by the program; that is, the net value of ecosystem services (NVES). To understand the difference between the value of a resource and the net value of the ecosystem service it provides, we used data on VES, timber sales, and afforestation costs from China's massive national afforestation programs to calculate the net value of forest ecosystem services in China. Accounting for the abovementioned costs revealed an NVES of ¥6.1 × 1012 for forests in 2014, which was 35.9% less than the value calculated without accounting for costs. As a result, the NVES associated with afforestation was 55.9% less than the NVES of natural forests. In some regions, NVES was negative because of the huge costs of human-made plantations, high evapotranspiration rates (thus, high water opportunity costs), and low forest survival rates. To maximize the ecological benefits of conservation, it is necessary to account for as many costs as possible so that management decisions can be based on NVES, thereby helping managers choose projects that maximize both economic and ecological benefits. 相似文献
2.
3.
In this paper, we investigate the presence of economies of scale in the global iron-making industry for integrated steel plants, iron making being the first stage in the steel-making process. Iron making depends on basic commodities, such as iron ore, coke and various forms of energy, required in the operation of the blast furnace, which can be classified as essential inputs and used in fixed proportions to produce iron. A generalized Leontief cost function is estimated using panel data for 69 integrated plants, such a specification being appropriate for technologies with essential inputs that are used in fixed proportions in production. A significant scale effect is observed due to the existence of fixed costs and a linear dependence of the cost function on production. Under a simple linear cost function, a rough estimate of the breakeven scale of plant, where costs equal revenue, is 4.5 Mt per year. Competitiveness, as measured by the ratio of plant average cost per tonne to best practice cost per tonne, can be shown to be positively related to the scale of production as well as the cost of essential inputs. Therefore, low-cost producers are also often producers with low raw material costs and production levels below the estimated breakeven scale of operation. Labor costs, although significant, are comparatively less important as a driver towards low costs. 相似文献
4.
自然资源资产评估技术是开展自然资源资产负债表实践和实行环境责任离任审计的重要技术支撑。水资源作为一项重要自然资源,如何有效评估水资源资产是不可回避的问题。论文以深圳市为研究区域,一是采用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法,以总氮、氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、固体悬浮物为指标参数构建了深圳市综合水质指数以评价水资源综合水质。二是以该综合水质评估模型为基础,通过采用治污成本法分析综合水质与治污成本间的关系,从而构建深圳市景观水和饮用水资源的价值量评估模型。论文还以深圳市大鹏新区为试点开展了水资源价值量评估,评估结果显示,2015年大鹏新区景观水和饮用水资源的价值量分别为3.60亿、0.35亿元。 相似文献
5.
连续采样与五日法采样效果及费用的对比分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对连续采样与五日法采样五种方法监测结果及所需费用的比较,得出连续采样方法监测结果更具有代表性,合理性,一次性投资大,但运行费用并不高的结论。 相似文献
6.
研究了乌鲁木剂铁路局系统污水治理污染控制方法及途径,提出了主要污染物为石油类,其最佳治理对策是:确定重点污染单位、污染源、用最低的治理投入,选择斜板隔油气浮工艺治理重点污染和次重点污染部门,得到较好的治理效果,否定盲目追求“零排放”的高投入方案。 相似文献
7.
CHEN Wen-ying 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2003,15(4):541-547
Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%. 相似文献
8.
对含柠檬酸盐电镀废水的几种处理方法的比较表明,氯化钡添加法能较好地使柠檬酸盐沉淀,操作简便,处理效果理想,其柠檬酸根离子的去除率达98%以上。 相似文献
9.
10.
SBR法处理中药材有机废水工艺研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
应用SBR法对中药材有机废水进行了研究。考察了CODCR、BOD5、SS、NH3-H的处理效果,以及PH、水温、污泥负荷等条件对去除率的影响。运行结果表明,PHO 6.0-9.0、t为15-30℃、污沁荷0.3kgBOD5/kgMLSS.d,运行程序:进水0.5h(限制曝气)、曝气10h、脱氮1.5h,沉降0.5h,排水0.5h、闲置11h,周期时间24h时CODCR去除率88%、BOD594%、 相似文献